Make an Inference on a Political Cartoon - Make an Inference

Does Democracy Promotion Also Promote Peace - 2222 Words

Does Democracy Promotion Also Promote Peace? Introduction: That democratic nations are more peaceful than any other regime type has been a topic of debate for many years. From Kant to Clinton, political thinkers and statesmen have hailed democracy as a weapon of peace. In this essay, I will discuss the definitions of democracy and peace, the democratic peace theory, and the reasons why democracies are more peaceful and thus how promoting democracy is a means to promoting peace. What is Democracy? There are multiple definitions of democracy, yet some of the common aspects of democracy are considered to be universal adult franchise, right to personal freedoms and liberties, and leaders of the executive competing against each other in an†¦show more content†¦Russett (1996) defines democracy for modern states ‘democracy is usually identified with voting franchise for a substantial fraction of citizens, a government brought to power in contested elections, an executive either popularly elected or responsible to an elected legislature, often with civil liberties such as free speech. Democracy has its roots in liberalism and these two words often go together. Most democracies are to some degree, liberal. In a liberal democracy, the public have individual rights and freedoms, everyone is viewed as equal and has equal opportunities for growth and development. Individual freedom and equality of all people are the basic foundations on which a democracy is built Freedom of speech and the ability to elect popular leaders keep the state healthy. A liberal democracy, with central characteristics of individual freedom, universal adult franchise and involvement in decision making through representatives needs to be encouraged to promote peace. How do you define Peace? To start with, two compatible definitions of peace: †¢ Peace is absence /reduction of violence of all kinds †¢ Peace is non-violent and creative conflict transformation For both

To Toll or Not To Toll Free Essays

Various public facilities have important uses aside from revenue generation of the government. Like the tollgates, these facilities serve for the conduct of checkpoints, safety for the commuting public and substantially generate government revenues. On the contrary, tollgates are also criticized as the bottlenecks of traffic as vehicles lined up at the maximum or minimum performance of the tollkeepers. We will write a custom essay sample on To Toll or Not To Toll or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the State of Connecticut, the Federal state and local governments plans reinstalling tolls on its highways. Several perceptions insinuate that causes of road accidents were due the absence of tollgates. It could be for the reasons that tollgates would slow down the speed of approaching vehicles as tollkeepers manning the traffic congestion from entry and exit lanes. This position paper will discuss and examine several points of considerations relating the reinstallation of tollgates in the State of Connecticut. Discussions It has been earlier reported in the 1980s that the removal of toll booths in the State of Connecticut have subsequently attributed to several road accidents that accounted about seven people who crashed and died at the Stratford tolls. In brief, Connecticut had more than 100 private turnpikes which were built from the period 1790 to 1850. The popularization of automobiles in the mid-20th century resulted to renew toll-backed financing to finance highways. In the 1990s to early 2000, technology plays a vital aspect in toll innovations through the introduction of electronic toll collection machines. Based on the May 10th 2009 news item ‘Toll proposals to be discussed at Thursday hearing’ by Martin B. Cassidy from the electronic publication of The Advocate, the Chairman of the Transportation Strategy Board Kevin Kelleher stated that â€Å"all the tolling concepts would use an EZ-Pass system†, referring to the system that would collect or tabulate fees from cars traveling at a speed of 55 miles per hour and up (1). Corey Sipe (2006) in his article at Associated Content electronic publishing has discussed the analysis of James J. Fazzalaro of the office of Legislative research which cited that one-way gateway toll fees at $1. 00 could generate $58 million in revenues (1). Meanwhile, the web site of BethelRepublicans. Org (2009) has published ‘Opposed to Tolls on I-84 in Danbury’, implying that toll should not only be implemented to generate revenues but also to promote efficiency. Further, it reported that Connecticut Republican Senator Michael McLachlan pointed out on the issue of traffic congestion during a forum held at Western Connecticut State University on March 26th 2009. As cited from the article of BethelRepublicans. Org (2009), it quoted Senator McLachlan who said that â€Å"drivers are trying to avoid the I-84 tolls by rerouting in community areas† (2). In which case, rerouting in the residential community areas congest the traffic of small roads in Danbury and residents could be prone to accidents. It may be acknowledged that Senator McLachlan has raised a considerable point not only on the issue of traffic situation but as well the public safety, in which could pave the way in the implementation of the tolling system. Despite the concern of Senator McLachlan, it was also pointed out that travel time, gas consumption and toll fees could be an added expense to reconsider (2). Indeed, many motorists tend to shorten their travel time and avoid the additional expenses for gas and toll fees. Moreover as previously covered in the article of Martin B. Cassidy (2009), the implementation of congestion pricing addresses the issue of efficiency. According to Cassidy (2009), the South Western Regional Planning Agency Executive Director Floyd Lapp commented that the state should use congestion pricing (1). It can be explained that â€Å"congestion pricing† is the process of charging distinctly separate toll rates on â€Å"peak or off-peak† travel time schedules. Also, the toll rates can be implemented in two ways, namely â€Å"static pricing† is attained in periodic intervals on a monthly or quarterly basis with published toll rates adjustments, while â€Å"dynamic pricing† can be implemented by using â€Å"electronic traffic sensor system† to monitor the volume of traffic and automatically adjust the toll rates. Early this year, the Associated Press in its electronic news has published ‘Report Pending on Highway Tolls in Connecticut’ with reference to the $1 Million research contract which was engaged by Connecticut Transportation Strategy Board (CTSB) with Cambridge Systematics, Inc. (CSI). The Associated Press has implied the result of the research-study could be the turning point to realize the seemingly idyllic yet pending developments on the tolling project implementation. However, the Associated Press quoted that â€Å"it is still doubtful whether the CTSB would be supportive of CSI’s findings and propositions† (1). On the following month after the comments of Associated Press, the year 2009 report of the Cambridge Systematics, Inc. (CSI) was then submitted to Connecticut Transportation Strategy Board (CTSB). The report which entitled: ‘Connecticut Electronic Tolling and Congestion Pricing Study’ was an independent technical study that formulated the strategic and feasible options in the implementation of the toll project. To generally describe the report, it contained variable conceptual framework on how the toll project can be effectively implemented and efficiently perform for public good, together with financial indicators that indicates the cost benefits of the state. Overall, the report has extensively presented the financial viabilities that comprised the operational components. As cited, the CSI report has highlighted the following findings (2): †¢ The New Toll Express Lanes require construction of new lanes and tolling, such as express lanes: A-1: Interstate 95 (Branford to Rhode Island State Line), and A-2: Interstate 84 (Waterbury to New York State Line); †¢ Conceptually, every users pay toll in spite of the occupancy levels and types of vehicles; †¢ Neither access strip would produce traffic congestion, estimating from 6. 2 to 13. 8 percents decline of vehicles for every hour of delay, which shall be implemented at â€Å"I-95 and I-84† toll projects within one year period exclusive of new lanes. CSI (2009) has further presented the estimated revenue generation within a 30-year target, as shown in the illustration below: How to cite To Toll or Not To Toll, Papers

Critical Review of Global Issues

Question: Discuss about theCritical Review of Global Issues. Answer: Introduction Two events on a global scale have taken place which will have implications on the businesses in Australia. The first event is the slowdown which has taken place in China along with the crisis that has occurred in the confidence of the Chinese investors. As per a new report of the IMF, it is expected that a crackdown that has taken place on cheap credit in China will cause a reduction in the Chinas real GDP growth rate to 6.8% in the current year from the 7.4% which was there last year. This is expected to weaken the demand for the commodities of Australia, thus impacting its business (IMF, 2016). The second event is the relationship that Australia has with Indonesia which very recently had an impact on the import quota of live cattle. Indonesia has cut its import quota in relation to the live cattle from Australia. This quota was reduced to only 50,000 head of cattle and instead of the expected figure of 500,000-600,000 cattle it is expected that the figure will be 200,000 less in th e coming year (Owens, 2015). This paper will be assessing the impact of the two events on Australian businesses to figure out the one which has the greatest importance. Chinese Economic Situation The economy of China with low economic growth is undergoing a tough phase of transition. In 2015, the Chinese economy at 7% registered its lowest growth in 24 years. The slowing down of the potential economic growth of China is in line with the economic law. The economic growth of the country has turned from a high rate of approximately 10% to approximately 7% which can be considered a moderate rate. If the structure pertaining to the essential factors is analysed, it indicates that changes have taken place in the demographic population with the decrease the total population in the working age, contributing negatively to the economic growth. This results in lower saving rates and the contribution of capital accumulation to the countrys economic growth starts to decline. This weakens the comparative advantage with respect to labour that is enjoyed by the country for producing goods, causing substantial slowdown of export trade (Li, 2015). As per the comparative advantage theory, it is sensible for a nation to produce the goods which it has the ability of producing most efficiently and buy from the other nations, the goods which it produces less ef ficiently (Hill et al., 2015). The progress technologically and labour capital have remained stable in the short-term causing the total factor productivity to become slow. The contribution of the Chinese service industry to the GDP has increased, making it a leader in case of economic growth. As the labour productivity is less in it in comparison to the secondary industry, the rate of economic growth decreases. The stock markets of China have fallen as the overall economic growth has slowed down and both the economy as well as the stock market cannot remain disparate for long (Jericho, 2015). The Impact of Chinese Situation on Australian Businesses and Trade The economic downturn of China and the prospect of weak growth worldwide related to it are posing a threat to stall the global progress (Harlan, 2016). China is the biggest trading partner of Australia and thus the economic fortunes of Australia are linked to China very intrinsically particularly after the free trade agreement which was signed between the two nations in the latter part of the previous year (Ma, 2015) . China happens to be Australias top export destination with exports worth $82.9 billion in 2014 (OEC, 2015). Although the plunge in the stocks of China is expected to have smaller direct impacts but the slump in the economy and the demand for the Australian goods and services will have greater effects on Australias economy (Jericho, 2015). It will also have an adverse affect on the prices of commodities especially the ones significant for Australia (McKenna, 2016). Among the primary reasons for the economic slowdown in China is the restructuring occurring within the economy. The economy of China is changing from being export-oriented wherein it was producing for being consumed by other nations to an economy of domestic consumption. The Government is trying to end inequality of wealth by shifting it to the middle class resulting in high disposal incomes of the middle class. The Australian businesses can take advantages of such a scenario. Even though the traditional focus of the trade relationships of Australia have been on commodities like iron ore, the new situation brings in more opportunities for the companies of Australia. Growth opportunities are large in a number of other industries like retail, real estate, services and tourism that match restructuring and growth of the Chinese economy (Ma, 2015). Australia-Indonesia Relationship In 2014-2015, the cattle exports from Australia to Indonesia amounted to A$1.35 billion (ALEC, 2016). However, the export industry was surprised when Indonesia slashed the quota for the Australian cattle. As per the Australian Livestock Exporters Council, the quota was done by 250,000 in comparison to the previous quarter. One of the reasons for this is thought to be the frosty relationship between the two nations which had suffered recently due to execution of two drug smugglers from Australia by Jakarta and allegations paid by Canberra in turning the asylum-seekers to Indonesia again mostly a result of the close geographical proximity of the two nations. Another reason is the attempt of Indonesia to develop self sufficiency. However, currently, this is likely lead to cattle shortage in Indonesia, reduction in number of slaughters and rise in beef prices (Owens, 2015). The comparative advantage theory can explain this trade relationship between Australia and Indonesia also. Australia produces cattle more efficiently and in surplus amounts which it can export to Indonesia while Indonesia is not self sufficient and efficient in the production of cattle which it can therefore import form its neighbour Australia. Importing it from other nations like Brazil which have surplus production would involve high costs of transportation. This is in accordance to the Heckscher and Ohlin theory as per which it is argued that comparative advantage is a result of differences that exist in the endowment of national factors. Countries will thus be exporting those goods which can make intensive utilisation of the factors that are present in abundance locally and import the goods which make intensive utilisation of the locally scarce factors (Hill et al., 2015). Impact of the Australia-Indonesia Relationship on Australian Businesses and Trade Till recently, Indonesia was the biggest market for live cattle export from Australia and this industry provided employment to thousands of Australians. Of all the imports from Australia, a mere 6% was amounted by live cattle as well as meat which are about one-fourth of imports of Indonesia from Australia. 40-65% of the live cattle are exported to Indonesia which is approximately 20-30% of the beef consumption of Indonesia. These exports are equal to 0.2% of the total exports of Australia related to goods and services. Even though the exports are very small in respect to the entire Australian economy, it has regional significance particularly in Western Australia and the Northern territory which account for 35% and 40% respectively of the live cattle market share and Indonesia has a heavy reliance on Australia in this category (The Conversation, 2013). Additionally, the cattle export industry provides support to almost 11,000 jobs which will be affected by the ban (Alford Franklin, 2011). This scenario can be viewed as a positive one also for Australia. The reduction in the exports of live cattle will mean that more of it will be available for domestic consumption and at lower prices. Besides this, Australia can think in terms of exporting live cattle to other nations in the region such as Vietnam. Australia can also adopt certain more labour intensive aspects for processing the beef and then exporting it which would free the resources for food production of other types in which other Asian nations might be having a competitive advantage. The beef producing market could make additional contributions of $204m to the economy of the regional. This would also create additional jobs (ACIl Talsman, 2012). Conclusion An analysis of the implications of both the global events on the Australian businesses and trade show that the slowdown in China is likely to have greatest importance for the businesses and trade of Australia as in terms of volume China is the leading trading partner of Australia. Australia has also signed a free trade agreement with China recently. Australia will have to look to make investments in the sectors of China that are undergoing restructuring and have potential of growth rather than the energy sector which is currently the main one. As far as the quota cut for cattle export to Indonesia is concerned, Australia can always make efforts to find new nations for its products or increase the domestic supply or even start processing the beef and exporting it. This way the people of this industry will be able to retain their jobs. References ACIl Talsman, 2012. An economic analysis of the live exportation of cattle from Northern Australia. [Online] Available at: https://www.rspca.org.au/sites/default/files/website/Campaigns/Live-export/Live-exports-vs-the-meat-trade/ACIL%20Tasman%202012%20-%20Economic%20analysis%20of%20live%20cattle%20exports.pdf [Accessed 5 September 2016]. ALEC, 2016. Livestock Export Statistics. [Online] Available at: https://auslivestockexport.com/trade-statistics/ [Accessed 6 September 2016]. Alford, P. Franklin, M., 2011. Jakarta fights live Cattle export ban. The Australian, 9 June. Available at:. [Accessed 5 September 2016]. Harlan, C., 2016. Chinas economic downturn is threatening one of the worlds greatest success stories. The Washington Post, 1 February. Hill, C.W.L., Cronk. Wickramasekera, 2015. Global Business Today. McGraw Hill Education. IMF, 2016. Proactive Reforms Critical to Chinas Medium-Term Growth Prospects. USA: IMF. Jericho, G., 2015. Chinas slumping economy a bigger threat to Australia than its plunging stock market. The Guardian, 27 August. Li, N., 2015. How to view China's Cureewnt Economic Situation. [Online] Available at: https://www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/how-to-view-chinas-current-economic-situation/ [Accessed 5 September 2016]. Ma, W., 2015. What the Chinese economic slowdown means for Australia. [Online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/executive-lounge/what-the-chinese-economic-slowdown-means-for-australia/news-story/655a8cf4f052e34032ca34d7564c8aa0 [Accessed 5 September 2016]. McKenna, G., 2016. Here's a great summary of where China's economy is at, and why it matters for Australia. Business Insider, 13 Feb. OEC, 2015. Australia. OEC. Owens, J., 2015. Indonesia dramatically cuts live cattle imports to only 50,000. The Australian, 14 July. The Conversation, 2013. Australian trade with Indonesia: whats really at stake? The Conversation, 28 November.

Two Friends with Different Lifestyles Essay Example

Two Friends with Different Lifestyles Paper Two Friends with different life-styles Cecilia Vega Everest Online Composition I – (ENC1101-9)/ Instructor McClure Two friends with different life-styles When I asked, â€Å"What is a life-style? † People have different opinionated-response: it is the way that you live; to leisure activities with friends, habits, work, interest and opinions. In 2009 Dr. Jeffery Cherubini stated that there are three different paths to pursuit you happiness: The pleasant life, the engaged life and meaningful life (Jacobs, 2011). Friends are someone who you would trust, have common habits and interests, share opinions and enjoy leisure activities; it is a companionship between two people. When you put two friends together, there will always be the different life-styles among them. Seven years from yesterday, I met a friend who has made the term opposites attract really come to life! Tiffany is 24 and I am 27; she has two kids, and I am pregnant with my first one. I am from a military family; and traveled quit often on the other hand Tiffany grew up in a small town, south of the Mississippi border. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Friends with Different Lifestyles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Two Friends with Different Lifestyles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Two Friends with Different Lifestyles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I work a minimum of 40 hours week and Tiffany is a stay at home mother. I have two incomes in my house and Tiffany has one income. Tiffany has a fiance and I am married. â€Å"There is a difference between being married and single friends. Some of my friends that are single are up for hitting the towns’ night life. Whereas, the married friends that I have are busy at home with their busy families† (Cheryl, 2011) I was raised to respect my elders or those who are older then me. Tiffany is polite but rude at the same time. I do stick-up for myself but I feel that my life just isnt worth fighting with someone whereas Tiffany doesn’t put up with nobodies stink! I am child number three out of four and Tiffany is the oldest out of three. I am extremly close with all my family and Tiffany runs them over like road kill. I am seen her fight with her family and call them names. If that was me, my father would have jacked me up for the lack of respect. Tiffany was a wild child growing up; I was into school and sports. I set goals for myself so that I don’t get let down and Tiffany nevery ccomplishes anything that she starts. Necessities of life are essential that are required for you to live on a daily basis. According to the â€Å"Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs† the bare necessities are: food, water, oxygen, sleep, and other simple bodily functions (Ruud, Copyright 2011). Tiffany and I have a different meaning of necessities of life. I like to save just about every penny opposed to Tiffany spending everything she has. I mean don’t get me wrong, I like to go shopping for my husband and I; but I try to only but what we need at that moment. I like to have a little room for play, just incase I want to take a trip whereas Tiffany has to give herself a months notice so that she can save up for the trip, to include spending money. I like to go grocery shopping every week and she goes like twice a week; I feel like she spends twice as much instead of doing one big trip. Parenting is not the easiest task in the world; it could be very complex and strinous some times. Kendra Cherry say â€Å"There are four inportant dimensions of parenting: (a) disciplinary strategies, (b) warmth and nurturance, (c) cummunication styles, and (d) expectations of maturity and control (Cherry, Copyright 2011). Tiffany has a tendency to yell and curse at her children and I do not plan to do that. Tiffany raises her hands to her childer and treatens them while I plan to use the disciplinary strategies to the fullest. I am a very calm person and Tiffany is consitanly being loud. I have yet had the heart to tell her that I don’t agree with home she talks to her childern. I almost feel like they are little slaves to her becking call. But there again parenting is a challenge so bring it on!! Even though everyone is different, a friendship is about trust, befriending someone; when two friends colide, you are always going to have the different lifestyles. Tiffany and I don’t get to hang out much because of our different lifestyles, but when we get that special time together; it is always cherished. Tiffany and I are complete oppisets of each other. She is a party-goer and I am a home body. She has a lived-in house and I am a neat freak. So the question is: How do two oppisets attract? References Cherry, K. (Copyright 2011). Parenting Styles The Four Styles of Parenting. Retrieved 12 3, 2011, from About. com: http://psychology. about. com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style. htm Cheryl. (2011). Family Life vs. Single life. Retrieved 11 24, 2011, from HubsPage. Jacobs, O. (2011, June 14). What is the meaning of lifestyle? Retrieved December 3, 2011, from livestrong: http://www. livestrong. com/article/290197-what-is-the-meaning-of-lifestyle/ Ruud, M. (Copyright 2011). Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs 87. Retrieved 12 3, 2011, from HubPages: http://maddieruud. hubpages. com/hub/Hierarchy_of_Needs

6 Easy Steps to Finding Career Success

6 Easy Steps to Finding Career Success We all know what it’s like to want to succeed, but feel as though we’re just not cutting it. Here are six proactive things you can do to get over your fear of being rejected and focus on building momentum in the long term. Step 1:  Get used to hearing â€Å"no†Don’t take things personally. Rejection is part of the normal rhythm of a career. People say â€Å"no† all the time, for a wide variety of reasons. It’s not all about you!Step 2: Turn a negative into a positiveSometimes not getting what you want is for the best. You may be disappointed now, but you never know how you’ll feel in a few months or years. Not getting that promotion or that new job might actually be the best thing for you. Give your future self the chance to be grateful.Step 3:   Use rejection as a reason to take more risksThe trick to getting over rejection is actually getting rejected more. You’ll never get a â€Å"yes† if you don’t ever ask the question. After that, it’s just a numbers game! Getting used to the â€Å"nos† will make the time between the ‘yeses† all the sweeter.Step 4: Show off your drive and ambitionBe proactive. Focus on the things you can do to improve your odds. Ask for leads, cross things off your to-do list, and stay ready. Make as many pitches and proposals as you can. You’ll start to notice that every rejection  is still a stepping stone to your ultimate goal!Step 5:  Pay attention to the slightest progressMaking daily progress is immensely satisfying, particularly when your work and goals are meaningful. And it pays off. Behavioral psychology research suggests that improving every single tiny thing by the tiniest 1% can make an enormous difference over time. Consider every increment a building block for building your best and brightest future.Step 6: Take small steps towards your goalsSuccess cannot happen overnight. It’s important to take small steps in the right direction, and to keep taking those steps. Make a daily commitment to yourself, and continue choosing to work towards your goals. You’ll get there much faster and enjoy the road a whole lot more.

Success and Failure of Loyalty Programmes Essay

Success and Failure of Loyalty Programmes - Essay Example This has led to a plethora of customer-focused programs created with the help of customer relationship management tools, to increase company profitability (Brown, 2000; Kalakota and Robinson, 1999; Peppers and Rogers, 1997). The motive behind loyalty programs is to establish customer loyalty by rewarding a certain frequency of repeat purchase by customers. As pointed by Uncles et al: â€Å"Loyalty programs are schemes offering delayed, accumulating economic benefits to consumers who buy the brand. Usually, this takes the form of points that can be exchanged for gifts, free product, or aspirational rewards such as air miles. Airline frequent-flier programs have been a prototype for many of the schemes†. However, there is no consensus on the definition of loyalty exhibited by consumers (Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978; Dick and Basu, 1994; Oliver, 1999). While some claim that satisfaction is an indicator of loyalty, others debate this point. Reichheld (1994) points out that despite be ing â€Å"satisfied† or â€Å"very satisfied† many customers still defect. In the UK, Ogilvy Loyalty Centre found out that 85 % of its automotive customers claimed to be satisfied but only 40 % made a repeat purchase, and 66 % of packaged goods customers who identified a favorite brand actually ended up buying â€Å"another brand† in the recent past. Gremler and Brown point out that Federal Express, Pizza Hut franchises, and Cadillac dealerships have been able to forecast the sales from loyal customers with more certainty.

National Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

National Crisis - Essay Example After having witnessed what has befallen their country, the United States began to take terrorism more seriously that it had ever before. Here was an enemy without face that directly challenged the might of the country responsible for turning the two world wars in the favor of a free world. The American Heritage Dictionary defines terrorism as â€Å"the unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons†. Everybody now knew what the word truly meant especially what the term ‘force’ implied. The United States spared no time in hunting down the members of the al-Qaeda. It began in Afghanistan where the Taliban regime proudly sponsored the extremists. Why you ask? According to †¦, â€Å"one man’s terrorist may be another man’s freedom fighter†. The country then proceeded with dismantling the Saddam Hussein regime whose reports indicate to be a major violator of human rights. (Combs, 2007; Gunaratna, 2003). The Iraqi struggle has been the focal point of criticism of the Bush administration. The war waged not on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan alone. It was also being fought in the mind and hearts of every American (Pillar, 2004; North O., Horn S, Horn S.A., 2004). After 6 years of the event, the U.S. is now split between those who considers it best that the country changes its mode from search-and-destroy to build-and-move on and those who deem it proper that the fight must carry on. They voice out their concerns in position papers, placards and editorials. In this paper, we will be analyzing two editorials whose content has much to say regarding what should be done now 5 years after the event. The purpose of this paper is not so much as to

Has Islam Played a Role In the Practice of Female Genital Mutilation Essay

Has Islam Played a Role In the Practice of Female Genital Mutilation - Essay Example pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area† (WHO 2013). Traditional circumcisioners who have no medical knowledge mostly perform this procedure and the instruments used for the circumcision include unsterilized knives, razors, scalpels, and pieces of broken glass among many other tools. This paper would argue that the practice of FGM is mainly a product of social, cultural, physical and psychological constructs, rather than a religious obligation or Islamic perspective. Religious Claims Religion is considered as one of the major elements in keeping Female Genital Mutilation practices alive. Islam, as a widespread religion, is said to be the leader for promoting this practice. The proponents believe that it helps in maintaining the shariah of abstaining from non-Islamic practices by women. Women in Islam are to abide by the shariah rules on interactions, sexual relationships and contact with male counterparts. The proponents believe that having the F emale Genital Mutilation done, female will not consent to have such relationships with men and will be less likely to commit a sin in Islamic law. They have a strong opinion on confining women as they believe is guided by Islamic teachings. However, research shows that Muslims are led by the rules prescribed in the Holy book Quran (Koran). Research shows that Quran (Koran) does not specify the practice for females but it, rather, is identified a healthy practice for male counterparts of Muslim society. The well-known and reverend Scholar of Islam, Ghazali further elaborates on the topic with the statement that â€Å"Circumcision is Sunna for men and only makruma for girls†. Sunnah represent the practices of Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) which should be followed, whereas, makruma is not a legitimate principle or command to be followed by Muslims. The absence of principles regarding this practice in Quran (Koran) is a further confirmation of this mythical ideology being associat ed with religion. The proponents reveal that â€Å"Female scission is an Islamic practice mentioned in the tradition of the Prophet†, however the tradition never was meant for females but rather was carried out for the males only. Relating and applying these rules on women was entirely an overwhelmingly extremist opinion on practicing Islamic laws. Sociological Claims Since the claims on Islamic or religious viability of the concepts are refuted, one may clearly identify social concerns and traditions to be the main cause of such practices prevalent in any society. Indeed, these practices provide a rather strong indication of a girl being ready to move from one phase of life to the other. The practice is performed on girls aged between 12 and 14. Usually it is performed on girls before their menstrual cycle begins and they marry. The practice is a social activity to identify the female’s status and making them move onto the next stage of their lives. The case of Badawi is a self-explanatory evidence of violation of human rights and women in specific. She was locked

Gender Affecting The Choice Of Taboo Words English Language Essay

Gender Affecting The Choice Of Taboo Words English Language Essay This paper is aimed to discuss further on the gender that affecting the choice of taboo words. I will focus on the sexual related word FUCK. Through this study, it is able to explain in sociolinguistics view. why there is less frequency of female apply the word FUCK in daily life. In addition, the observation through the usage of this word by Hong Kong native-born, it is a goal to reflect how society conceptions or interpretations on two sexes. Background In Hong Kong, the popular of using foul words is enhancing within ten years. Affected by Western culture, the English foul words like FUCK is gradually existed in Hong Kong. Yet, from writers experience, the use of FUCK word in daily life is male more than female. Thus, through the research we can see how the society values influence the communication process. The target people being observed is the Hong Kong native-born, whose values are the most representing the local interpretations on genders. Taboo language existed a very long time and there are some studies focused on the taboo field. K. Allen (2006) pointed out that there is no an absolute taboo word, the taboo refers to a behavior of a community in the particular situations and contexts. However, when the taboo words related to gender, like the sexual behaviors, tabooed bodily, sexual activities are become taboo language. Viewing on the sociolinguistic approach, this approach stated that there are relationship between use of linguistic in systematic way and social value. Statement Viewing the 20s of Hong Kong native-born, how the gender affecting the frequency of the word FUCK using in daily life. The possible respondents are the young adults in both genders within the age 20 to 29 distributed by educational level. Proposition From writers experience, young adults are commonly used this language then the elderly. In Hong Kong this modern city, the view of native-born citizen towards sex is still conservative. Thus, native-born people still carry a negative perception on the word FUCK. From the traditional view, patriarchy empowered the status of men and the view of sex and women speak behavior are followed the mens impression. This implied that women using the taboo language are an impolite and unsuited behavior of a lady. Until now, it is thought that Hong Kong native-born women are still influence by this custom. Bibliography review From the research of B. Murphy (2010) on examining taboo language across the age group, it is obvious to see the word FUCK is the most common sexual taboo word. The high frequency of this word is because FUCK is a transitive verb and carries multiple functions, including expressing emotional meaning, referential function and intensifier. (R. Wajnryb, 2004). Some theorists like Julian Burnside illustrated that our society judged this human action and sex is the illegal part of human existence thus FUCK is the impolite use of word. In my research, sexual words are taboo in Chinese traditional ideas. Thus, FUCK as a popular word in foul language. It is an important keyword to raise the way on society views on both genders. According the similar study by B. Murphy (2010) on the use of FUCK among different age groups, the young women aged 20s are concluded as the group freely to come across the ethical overtone and frequently apply profane phrases in daily life. Thus, I targeted my research to the young adults between 20s. Many previous studies showed that the communication way between men and women are different. Such as A.Peer (2005) mentioned, the stereotyped beliefs on the speech style of genders are based on the social status of men and women in society. Goddard and Patterson (2000) invented the word folklinguistics to define the talking behaviors of men and women. The women usually less swear than men. Some popular phrases like lady doesnt swear and man never cry reflected the expectation of the men and women act in various ways. I believe the society shared viewpoint is one the largest factors affecting the communication behavior towards genders. I think these theories also applied to Hong Kong. Methodology This paper is a qualitative research. Thus, the data collected for looking the patterns and the comparing to the theories. It is chose to use participant-observation as a tool to enter the group and have an informal interview to the target age group. I would be standing as the outside observer and play the active role to raise questions in the targeted group. Sources of data collection The data mainly gathered from three ways, organizing the collective discussions in face to face with target groups and the informal interviews. While face to face discussions can be viewed as gathering the spoken discourse, interviews ensure the quality of data got is valuable. Data from discussion is used to analyze the characteristics of both sexes in communication behaviors. Through the word FUCK, these interact behaviors can be reflected as the hidden attitudes on genders. On the other hand, the informal interview is a qualitative way to view the perceptions of these communication behaviors. Strength and weakness of data collection methods Collective Discussions (Focus group) facilitate researcher to gather various views on a topic because the sexual related word is a comparatively sensitive in Hong Kong. The dual moderator focus group is the effective way to observe the reactions of target participants. The designed questions stimulate the talk and interactions under defined topic in the groups. The speeches and experiences from participants can encourage the others to response and voice out their feelings on genders. This is a more objective view to observe the sentence structure and patterns difference within gender comparing to interviews. However, the ideas picked are only from the focus group. The data may not represent the views of all the people in age 20s. Moreover, the discussion involves more than ten people and the comments from participants would be persuasive and affect the others thought. Then, react of group members may not behave in a natural way and the data collected may not be accurate. Hence, organize few focus groups with different participants among twenties is the way to higher the accuracy of data collected. Informal interview (Semi-structured interview) is another way to collect the useful data and replenish the weakness from focus group. Interviewees are more willing to share their personal experience. The interviewer can adjust the questions in a flexible way according to the responses. The questions about genders and sex can be even more specific and sensitive. Although informal interview may involve the subjective view both in the questions and responses, it is a way to understand how the social value affects the choice of word in taboo language. In addition, this method ensures the quality of the data collected that is related to the topic and valuable. Instructions of data collection All the compulsory questions drafted should be asked in both collective discussions and semi-structured interviews. The optional questions are free to ask after finishing compulsory questions. The focus group will be organized in twelve people among the age of twenties and they should be all native-born in Hong Kong. As the groups will be formed three times, the numbers of participants will be altogether thirty-six people. The group should include all ages of twenties, at least one person in each target age. Every time the numbers of men and women are the same. The informal interview will be organized in face to face and on phone. The total numbers of interviewees are sixty. The interviewer should try to avoid using imperative questions for example; dont you think women swear less than men? The opened-ended questions are encouraged to ask if the interviewees are willing to answer. List of probable sources of evidence to be investigated List of questions asked of respondents Analysis Data analysis methods Case study analysis plan Expected outcomes and discussion

Expository on Love Essay -- Expository Essays

Love! Not For Everyone Poets and philosophers for centuries have been trying to answer the question, what is love? Love has an infinite number of definitions, which vary from one person to another. Love cannot be measured by any physical means. One may never know what true love is until love it- self has been experienced. What is love? A four letter word that causes a person to behave in a way that is out of character. What is love? A first kiss, childhood crushes on a teacher or friend’s mom. What is love? A choice that people make by putting their partner’s wishes, desires and needs above everything else. What is love? The act of forgiveness, the infatuation with someone, the communication between two people. What is love? A friendship that turned into a lifelong commitment, that special someone who has vowed to spend the rest of their lives to honor and protect, to love each other â€Å"till death do you part.† When in love nothing else in the world matters. According to the online Encarta Dictionary love is the passionate feeling of romantic and sexual desire and longing for somebody. Poets and philosophers may never know what love really is, and we may never truly understand the question what is love. Love is like a rose that blossoms into great beauty. Love starts with a seed that has been carefully planted in the garden. Love is much like when meeting someone for the first time. Getting to know each other is just our roots planting firmly in the ground. With each day love is growing stronger and stronger. In the poem by Ezra Pound, â€Å"The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter† the wife married at fourteen and by the time she was sixteen her love had grown so much that she longed for her beloved husband to come home. The speaker tel... ...ove is, we do know how to show love and share love with others. People have the ability to love, which makes the human race on the top of the food chain. All other species cannot or does not show love in the way that human beings do. What is love? Love is what people want it to be. â€Æ' Works Cited Hemingway, Ernst. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†. Ninth Edition. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. 132-135. Pound, Erza. â€Å"The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter†. Ninth Edition. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. 815. Ramsey, Jarold. â€Å"The Tally Stick†. Ninth Edition. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. 812. Snodgrass, W. D. â€Å"Leaving the Motel†. Ninth Edition. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. 836-837.

Famous Canadian Killer Essay

Canadian Criminals are a major part of Canadian society. In our country if you were not the direct victim of a crime you tend to forget the members of society that take pleasure in causing societies grief. As in the case of James Hutchinson and Richard Ambrose, whose crimes were committed in December of 1974.1 They were convicted of killing two Moncton City Police officers. Today, years after the murders were committed Ambrose and Hutchinson are still the center of a major controversy that has plagued our parole system. In order to fully understand the controversy that Ambrose and Hutchinson posses you must look at the chronological order of events that lead up to the slaying. Richard Ambrose and James Hutchinson lived in the outskirts of Moncton, New Brunswick. Ambrose and Hutchinson committed two indictable offences under the Criminal Code of Canada (CCC). On Tuesday December 12, 1974 they violated section 279.1(c) of the Criminal Code with the kidnapping of Raymond Stein and by December 15, 1974 it was apparent that another crime had been committed. Ambrose and Hutchinson violated section 229(a)(i) of the Criminal Code, murder which would be defined under section 231(4)(a) of the Criminal Code; murder of a peace officer in the first degree.2 14-year-old Raymond Stein was the son of a Moncton restaurant owner and on the night of December 12, 1974 Raymond and his grandmother returned home from his father’s restaurant and found two men already in the house (Ambrose and Hutchinson). The duo tied the grandmother to a stair railing with tape and took the boy to an apartment somewhere on the western fringe of Moncton.3 Shortly before 1am on the 13th Mrs. Stein freed herself and telephoned the boys father and informed him of what had happened. Around 1am Mr. Stein received a phone call and a ransom demand was issued. Mr. Stein received two more calls at 2 and 3am. At 3am a ransom demand of $15 000 was agreed upon.4 Mr. Stein drove to a designated location somewhere close to the Riverview Mall around 3:15am. Mr. Stein drops the bag containing the $15 000 in a ditch about 100 yards in front of another car. The boy was released immediately and the car containing the two suspects  speeded off. At 3:50am Cpl. Bourgeois and Cst. O’Leary from the Moncton City Police were in the area of the drop-off in an unmarked police car and announced to dispatch that they would be going off air to investigate a suspicious car they had spotted.5 They were never heard from again. At 9am the unmarked police car was found in Salisbury locked and abandoned. There was no trace of the officers, their sidearms or a shotgun they were carrying. Around noon the RCMP turned over to Moncton City Police a man they had arrested after stopping a car that had matched the description of the car used for the ransom trade. In the car was a set of keys that fitted the unmarked police car and over $6000 believed to be part of the ransom money.6 By 2pm Moncton City Police arrested another man in the city and was questioning him in regards to the kidnapping case but later was released. At 6pm Moncton Police Chief C.M. (Moody) Weldon pleas on the radio for help by the public and offers $5000 in reward for information leading to the whereabouts of the 2 officers.7 At midnight Moncton Police announced they confirmed the presence of human blood on a glove that was seized from the abandoned car. 7:30am on the 14th over 300 searchers fan out over 125 square miles area in search for clues, between Riverview and Salisbury. At 11 am the Moncton City Police in conjunction with the RCMP held a press conference announcing that there would be two teams set up, each involving the Moncton Police and members of the RCMP, one team was responsible for the search of the officers and the other for investigating the crimes that Ambrose and Hutchinson committed. During the same conference policed reveled they have found what appears to be a bloodstained patch of snow in a field near Salisbury. At 5pm Cpl. Bourgeois’s torn drivers license was found by a covered bridge on Shediac River, approximately 15 miles east of Moncton. Due to the fact that sunset had past the police decided to cordon off the area and await daylight to continue the search.8 The next morning at 8am the search resumed with the aid of tracking dogs. Within an hour police found the missing revolvers, radio, pick and shovel in the water downstream. At 2:15pm the searchers found the graves on a hill near the covered bridge and at 1:30pm on December 15th, 1974 the police carried their fallen officers out of the woods wrapped in blankets.9 It was later determined that Ambrose and Hutchinson drove the two officers to the secluded wooded area and forced them to dig their own graves and then shot each of them in the back of the  head.10 Richard Ambrose 22 was already in custody at the time the bodies were recovered. Later on the December 15th a few minutes after 11pm James Hutchison 43 turned himself in to Sgt. Greg Cahoon of the RCMP. Hutchison stated that he turned himself in because he knew he was wanted by the police and he thought they would ‘shoot first and ask questions later’. Ambrose and Hutchinson were to have their first appearance in court on December 23rd. Both Ambrose and Hutchinson were found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging in 1976. When the Trudeau government repealed capital punishment later in 1976 Ambrose and Hutchinson’s sentence was dropped to life in prison.11 Hutchinson was serving time at Pittsburgh Institution outside of Kingston Ontario, a minimum-security prison, and escaped at the age of 73. Prison files show that Hutchinson has expressed deep hatred toward police and had thoughts of thrill killing. Hutchison had admitted to his life of crime that dates back to the 1940’s, which has stemmed from an insatiable hunger for excitement, and the thrill of outwitting authorities.12 The Ontario Provincial Police classified him as extremely dangerous and Staff Sgt. Rick Myers of the OPP Penitentiary Squad described him as â€Å"looking like anyone’s grandfather but capable of anything†. Prison officials also stated that Hutchison has been plotting his escape since he was jailed in 1974. In 1997, Hutchison persuaded the National Parole Board to grant him escorted temporary absences. His main argument was â€Å"the burnout theory† stating that in today’s workplace also applies to longtime criminals who lose their desire to keep breaking the law. Hutchison was denied parole because of numerous escape plots.13 Three years later the parole board reviewed several reports filed by a supportive case management officer, the board ruled his risk to the public was â€Å"manageable†. In 2000 Hutchinson was granted a leave to volunteer at a shelter for stray cats and dogs approximately 12 kilometers from Pittsburgh Institution. Hutchison finished cleaning the stalls around 2:30pm, laid down his broom and walked away as a free man. He was recaptured two days later. This however was not the first time Hutchison escaped custody. In 1966 Hutchison was serving a 10 year sentence for robbery and was being transferred from Kingston Penitentiary to Dorchester Penitentiary in New Brunswick. It was at this point where Hutchison made his first escape.14 He was arrested the same day at a train station in Moncton. Hutchinson made parole 4 years later, in 1974, that is when he murdered the  two Moncton Police officers. Hutchison lived with the prison’s Small Group Living Program. This is where prison officials believe that Hutchison did most of the planning for his escape. Prison files show Hutchison as having obvious planning skills. Prison psychologist used to consider Hutchison antisocial and sick enough to carve self-inflicted wounds.15 In this program inmates lived peacefully and less supervised. Although many reports stated that Hutchison was not rehabilitated, Deputy Warden Ron Fairly described Hutchison as a â€Å"model inmate.†16 Ambrose however, had quite a different prison life he was 22 when he was first arrested for the murder of the two police officers. Throughout Ambrose’s incarceration he claimed innocence and refused to speak about the crime. As well, he has expressed remorse and pleaded for life beyond prison. In the late 1980’s Ambrose got married in a prison ceremony and became a father to a baby girl in 1992. Ambrose told parole board members he is a reformed man, and deserves a life outside of the public’s eye. Ambrose changed his surname to Bergeron and in the summer of 2000 won full parole. According to a psychologist report prepared for Ambrose’s parole hearing indicated that he still posses a moderate to high risk to re-offend in a general and violent manner.17 On December 10, 1999 The Canadian Justice Foundation released an article alerting the public that Ambrose was granted day parole after he had changed his name to Richard Bergeron. The Canadian Justice Foundation has called on the Solicitor General to launch an investigation in regards to the parole. Shawn Howard, the Managing Director of The Canadian Justice Foundation said: â€Å"If inmates are allowed to change their name and erase their criminal identity, it poses a risk to public safety† he goes on to say â€Å"its obvious that Ambrose is trying to disappear by cloaking himself with a new identity†.18 Previous attempts to locate Ambrose have been unsuccessful since his original name was removed from the parole-hearing list. A Moncton reporter recently alerted the public that Ambrose had legally changed his name to Richard Bergeron and may return to Edmonton where his wife and child currently reside. The parole system in Canada has let out more ‘Cop Killers’ then Richard Ambrose. 19The list is long and in each case the criminal was perceived as a good inmate. When you look at the crimes committed by Richard Ambrose and James Hutchison with the murder of a two police officers that carries a sentence of life in prison as well as the kidnapping case that  carries a sentence of imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of four years. However Richard Ambrose was granted parole 25 years after he showed no mercy to the two police officers that were only doing their job. In the Hutchison case a 73-year-old man who has made more then one attempt to break out of custody and who also stated squeezing the trigger, was a ‘reflex action’ was given the opportunity to work outside the prison, and was able to walk at a humane society for animals that he was allowed to work unsupervised. Many citizens are enraged that these two criminals were allowed to leave the prison system. They showed no respect for the law and killed two members of society who have sworn to uphold the law. Both persons were described as being a moderate to high risk to re-offending but are still allowed to go into the public unsupervised. James Hutchinson December 1974 Bibliography Final Tribute Paid To Slain Policemen. Mark Pedersen. Telegraph Journal. December 16th, 1974 Hunt to Resume Today For Missing Policemen. Don McLeod. Telegraph Journal. December 14th, 1974. May Have Been Forced To Dig Their Graves. Don McLean. Telegraph Journal. December 16th, 1974. Alan Cairns. Prisons a ‘disgrace’. The Toronto Sun. November 20, 2000 Dimmock,G. and A. Sands. Escaped murder kills for thrills: 73 year old fugitive. Retrieved from the World Wide Web September 9, 2002. http://www.dimmockreport.com/escapedmurderer.htm Howard, S. The Canadian Justice Foundation. June 10, 1999

Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Example

Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Example Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay How Changes in the Formulation of Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Effects Drug Release and Tablet Hydration Discussion: Part A ( hydration ) : Experiment A1: Experiment A1 was carried out to see how the belongingss of different polymers consequence the hydration of hydrophilic matrix tablets. Four different polymers were tested Sodium Alginate 100 % ( SA ) , Xanthan Gum 100 % ( XG ) , Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 100 % ( HPMC ) and Methylcellulose 100 % ( MC ) . These were compared to a control which was a standard lactose tablet. They were all tested in fake stomachic fluid ( SGF ) and fake enteric fluid ( SIF ) individually. First if we compare all the matrix tablets to the milk sugar we can see that the lactose tablet wholly disintegrates with in the first 30mins in both fluids. However the matrix tablets barely disintegrate and are still present at 240mins. This is because the lactose tablet does non incorporate a polymer. Upon initial wetting of the matrix tablets the polymer begins to hydrate organizing a syrupy gel bed. In order for drug to be released it has to spread through this bed. This takes clip and this allows sustained dru g release. Whereas the lactose tablet merely disintegrates and releases all the drug straight off. Sodium alginate ( SA ) is a natural hydrophilic polyose and is a additive polymer. We can see from the consequences that it was quickly able to organize a gel bed nevertheless the size of the gel bed was different in the two fluids. SA formed a larger gel bed in the SGF than the SIF as it got to 4mm in the SGF and merely 2.5 in the SIF. It besides took longer for the gel to increase in size in the SIF. The nucleus breadth decreased as clip went on and were similar for both fluids but overall it was somewhat lower in the SGF at the clip points. The difference in the breadth of the gel bed between the two fluids shows that the hydration of SA is dependent on pH. SIF has a pH of around 7.2 so is impersonal nevertheless SGF has a pH of around 2 to 3 doing it acidic. As the concentration of H ions addition ( in acidic conditions ) there is inter-conversion of carboxylate anions ( sodium alginate ) to free carboxyl groups ( alginic acid ) . This means in acidic conditions like SGF SA is ab le to swell but is indissoluble nevertheless it is soluble in impersonal conditions. Therefore the gel bed may acquire dissolved in SIF and consequence in a lower breadth compared to SGF which would hold a thick gel bed. Hence alterations in pH are likely to change the hydration features of the polymer and consequence its action on sustained drug release. Xanthan gum ( XG ) , an anionic polymer, showed different hydration features compared to SA. It produced the widest gel bed the fastest at 30mins compared to the other polymers in both the fluids. This shows its ability to organize a thick gel bed rapidly. It was besides able to bring forth the widest gel bed in the SIF compared to the other tablets. It had similar features in both fluids which indicated it is non pH dependant. The nucleus breadth is besides similar in both. HPMC besides was able to organize a gel bed nevertheless its size increased the slowest in both fluids when compared to the other polymers. It is non pH dependant. Again the nucleus was similar in both. Cellulose is really soluble and porous this could be why the gel bed was non really thick Methylcellulose ( MC ) was besides able to organize a gel bed and had similar consequences for both gel and nucleus breadth in both fluids. To reason Quick hydration and subsequent gel formation is a foremost and of import belongings of a polymer for it to be used for sustained release preparation. This is due to the thought that if the polymer does non hydrate rapidly, the surface barrier ( gel bed ) can non be formed instantly, which may do a big sum of drug to be released during the fast initial stage. Besides the thicker the bed the better this is because the more the matrix crestless waves, the longer the diffusion way length required for the drug to come out, which consequences in decreasing of release rate. Therefore all four tablets are acceptable to be used as hydrophilic matrices as they all form a gel bed but out of all four matrix tablets I believe XG to hold the best hydration features as it forms the quickest and thickest gel bed. There were a few restrictions. Cuting the tablets may hold affected the measuring of breadth, tabular arraies were hard to manage when nucleus was little and gel bed was big and finding the waterlessness of the nucleus was hard. Experiment A2: The purpose of experiment A2 was to see how different concentrations of polymer effected hydration of the matrix tablet. By and large the tendency shows that as you increase the concentration of polymer the rate of hydration lessenings. The consequences for the two fluids were similar nevertheless the hydration rate was somewhat greater in SGF. 5 % of polymer was excessively small to even organize a gel bed and therefore the tablet disintegrated directly off. At 10 % there was rapid formation of a gel bed nevertheless the nucleus breadth was low and the nucleus was wet bespeaking a high rate of drug release and the tablet disintegrated by 240mins. For 15, 20 and 30 % a gel bed did signifier at a slower rate severally but at that place was a higher nucleus breadth and the nucleus was drier. To reason, the greater the concentration of the polymer the thicker the gel bed. However it takes longer to organize. When the concentration of HPMC is low the gel bed is non thick and the hydrous matrix would be extremely porous with a low grade of tortuousness taking to low gel strength and rapid diffusion of the drug from matrix. Besides the addition in lactose at low concentrations of polymer agencies that it disintegrates faster. At high concentrations the matrix is more compact and the intermolecular interactions between the polymer means it is less porous so it takes longer to hydrate but when it does it organize a thick syrupy bed forestalling increased drug release. I believe at that place needs to be a via media between the rate of hydration and drug release. Therefore the best concentration to utilize would be about 20 % as it is able to organize a gel bed within 30mins and forestall a high rate of drug release. The restrictions for this experiment were similar to those fr om A1 Experiment A3: Experiment A3 involved the usage of the decomposition rigs. The thought of this trial was to see how polymer concentration effects hydration and decomposition of hydrophilic matrix tablets. The decomposition of three different concentrations ( 5, 15 and 30 % ) of SA, XG and HPMC were tested in SGF and SIF. For SA the general tendency showed that as polymer concentration increases the tablet disintegrates less. As discussed above in SGF SA forms an indissoluble polymer which makes it thicker than the bed in SIF. Therefore it would take longer for fluid to perforate the tablet in SGF and that is why it disintegrates quicker in SIF. In SIF it to the full disintegrates by 45mins for all concentrations but the tablet is still present in the SGF at this clip. For XG none of the tablets in both fluids managed to disintegrate. Disintegration was faster in SGF. This could be due to the sourness of the SGF. For SIF all three different concentration seemed to demo the same decomposition profile. As concentration increased in SGF the clip taken for decomposition increased like SA. For HPMC the consequences were surprising. For both the fluids all the concentrations of HPMC disintegrated wholly within the first hr and no gel bed was observed. Decomposition was faster in SIF. For SGF it took longer at higher concentrations. Therefore it did non demo sustained release belongingss like XG and SA. There were many restrictions. Exact clip of decomposition was difficult to find due to the clip intervals. Two different people were taking consequences so they would hold different subjective positions. Besides the graduated table used was obscure. The tablets could hold been assayed and more concentrations should hold been tested. Part B ( drug release ) : Part B was used to prove the drug release belongingss of hydrophilic matrix tablets. In order to make this the consequences obtained from the basket disintegration setup will be compared to the consequences from the flow rig setup. This will let us to find which disintegration method is more accurate every bit good as comparing their variableness. Revolving basket: If we look at the graph that shows the sum of drug released against clip. We can see that every bit shortly as the lactose tablet is inserted into the SIF there is an initial explosion of drug release. The sum of drug released continues to increase at a fast rate until around 30min where it begins to plateau and so lessening. The drug is released rapidly from the lactose tablet as there is no gel bed formed to decelerate the diffusion of drug out. Therefore the fluid rapidly disintegrates the milk sugar and all the drug is released. For the polymer tablet there is once more an initial explosion of drug release precisely the same as the lactose tablet. This is because the gel bed has non formed yet. Once the bed forms the sum of drug released begins to diminish compared to the control. It plateaus at around 15mins and so continues to let go of the same sum of drug for the remainder of the experiment. Therefore drug release continues for a longer period indicating sustained release. The rate of drug released for both the tablets start high and so bit by bit decreases. For the control the rate of release is ever greater than that of the polymer shown by the graph. For the control the drug is released quickly until there is none left. With the polymer it shows good modified release as the rate is a batch lower and is comparatively changeless between 5 to 15 mins. Flow -through rig: The flow rig showed clear conclusive consequences about the release profiles for the two different types of tablets. If we look at the graph demoing concentration of drug release over clip we can see directly off the modified release features of the polymer tablet. For the control every bit shortly as the rig is turned on we get immediate drug release. It continues to lift quickly until 10min and so begins to diminish until 60min where it is so wholly disintegrated. Both the tablets had disintegrated wholly. For the polymer we can once more see an initial explosion of drug release. This is because the gel bed has non formed. After 5 min one time the bed has formed the graph tableland and there is a changeless sum of drug released until 120min nevertheless the concentration of drug released is a batch lower than that of the control. When compared to the control there is a clear difference in the two release profiles. The two rigs both analysed the same thing but both had differing methods and gave different consequences. The basket method was simpler to put up and less fiddly to take consequences. However there were restrictions. Air bubbles on the basket could hold altered drug release, it was hard to reel the readings and during the start the clip intervals were really close together doing it difficult to take all the readings. The flow rig besides had drawbacks. First our setup 3 flow tubings were leaky. This meant that merchandise would hold been lost. Besides for one of the control rig the flow rig stopped working and no more consequences could be taken. Therefore we were unable to add mistake bars to the control graph. Finally merchandise may hold been lost when reassigning the pipes. Besides for both the experiments they did non mime the proper physiological conditions that would be present in the organic structure. If we compare the two methods I believe the flow-through rig gave more acc urate dependable consequences. The mistake bars were greater in the basket method significance at that place was a batch of fluctuation and the consequences would be hard to reproduce. Besides for the flow rig both groups showed indistinguishable consequences this was non the instance for basket. The flow rig showed the concentration of drug released at precisely the clip specified whereas the basket method shows the entire sum of drug released by the tablet at the specific clip so it is cumulative. Therefore the consequences for the flow rig are more good and manageable as the one graph gives all the needed information. Besides if the tubings were crystalline we could see the tablet. A reciprocating cylinder was besides used to prove drug release. Even though it mimics physiological conditions the best it provided inconclusive consequences in SIF for SGF it once more showed a lower rate of drug release for the polymer. However the mistake bars were really big for all the consequences and hence non accurate. Decision: By comparing the consequences from all the experiments we can reason Xanthan Gum is the best polymer to utilize for sustained release preparations, nevertheless all the polymers used produced acceptable hydrophilic matrices. XG had the most advantageous hydration profile compared to the other polymers as explained in the decision of portion A1. It can besides be seen that concentration of the polymer has an consequence on hydration explained in the decision of portion A2. XG showed sustained release at all concentrations but 15 % would be the best via media between decomposition clip and drug release. Finally drug release from tablets with polymers can clearly demo sustained release when tested by many different disintegration rigs nevertheless the flow-through rig proved to be the most successful.

Smooth operations - Emphasis

Smooth operations Smooth operations There is a corner of Emphasis Towers dedicated solely to the behind-the-scenes team known as Operations. We are the stage-hands to the trainers thespians; the gaffers to Client Relations stage directors. And while we may be hidden away like Quasimodo in his bell tower, we do have the pleasure of knowing it would be hard to pull off the show without us. It is, of course, Client Relations who will venture out to meet you, get to know you and your business, and discover just how Emphasis can help to make your documents shine; our course developers who design a programme to move and motivate you to be the best business writer possible; and our trainers who will analyse your work and deliver the goods on the day. Were squirreled away in the midst of all this, gathering up the vital pieces of information like so many acorns for winter. And we like to follow our own companys advice in Operations Corner: Well put the reader first by presenting you with only what you need to know to get everyone to where they need to be. We have the whys and hows, so well just ask for your whos, wheres and whens. We helpfully punctuate this with requests that guide you through: well elicit writing samples; extract dates, timings, attendee and venue information and you wont feel a thing. Well build a logical structure from one end of the process to the other to the delegate list we add samples, to the samples we add graphs; well print and bind the manuals, copy and file worksheets; well send the trainer to you with everything they need to address all your business-writing needs. On the day of your course, by the first chorus of: So thats how to use an apostrophe! we may not even be a speck in your memory. But then a good operations team is like good writing: efficient, effective, invisible.

Business Plan for E-commenrce company Coursework

Business Plan for E-commenrce company - Coursework Example In relation to the study the company which has been selected is MyName-MyShop, an online business that will focus on customizing its products with labels that its clients identify with to attract and retain a large pool of customers. It plans to deal in beauty products like chains, necklaces, earrings, wrist chains and caps to start with. These products appear to be so common in the market but less personalized with names that buyers find appealing to them. It therefore gives buyers a chance to have their various products designed with the names they prefer engraved on them. The mission statement of the company shall be â€Å"Committed to letting the small things we have bring happiness in big ways.† This is reflective of the nature of the products being offered in the market by the company. The characteristic customization is what would actually â€Å"create happiness in big ways† for the clients. Working to attain this is imperative in enabling the company to uphold q uality production at all times. Current trends indicate that the sale of customized beauty products in the US market contribute a significant 5.5 billion US dollars to the national economy annually. This is all inclusive comprising of various products such as caps, wrist watches, anniversary jewelry and so forth. Further, the market is relatively fragmented and seasonal in nature. Thus during holidays, sales tend to soar to very high levels. This is attributed to the gift giving practice that occurs during this time. Also, the market is categorized in to three main echelons: low end, middle end and premium end. In the upper echelon, there are companies such as the BlueNile while the middle end is dominated by Best Gem Diamond Company. MyName-Myshop seeks to assume the upper echelon position because it would place particular emphasis on high quality production. Business Goals and Objectives The business aims at starting its operation in ten major cities and expands to cover the whole nation in five months, five states in a year and 50 states in the whole year. This expansion would enable it to attain its goals within a specified time period. In addition, it would enable it to explore the available niches and maintain an upward growth. Business Models The business model will focus in providing quality and affordable trendy products to customers. These trendy products will be customized to customer’s specifications. According to Pinson (2004), customization of products would be imperative in enabling the business to maintain

Encoding Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Encoding Study - Essay Example In the following report, an understanding on how two primary procedures of encoding are rather effectively affecting the memory use of the young students shall be examined. Through an experimentation process, the entire study shall be based on evidence proven approach that would likely involve the use of certain willing participants and the evaluation of the results that are to be handled by the researchers early on. 2 The process by which the mind stores an awful lot of information in the head of human individuals is a great and awesome truth about the amazing capabilities of the human body’s capability to respond to the environment that a person lives in. Not a single super computer could amount to the capability of the human mind to store information about a hundredfold of details about different matters of consideration that a person is most likely interested in. 3 This particular capability of the mind is the basic reason why there is learning. The belief that growth comes along with the process of mindful maturity and the amount of information stored and utilized by the human minds is indeed considered as the basic foundation of the reasons behind the establishment of several learning institutions today.4 Truthfully, the entire process of storing and utilization of information is taken considerably by the human mind as the main function that it contributes to the function of the human body. However, not all human individuals are able to utilize the memory function of their minds. Some are able to develop an easier personal process of storing information in their minds, while some others find it hard to recall certain details that they were already supposed to know since their mind has already been fed with the information that they need to know.5 For this particular reason, the need to develop and investigate existing procedures of memory enhancement among students is pursued by many educators

Summarize the banking system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarize the banking system - Research Paper Example Institutions that are concerned with this type of economic interest are the investment banks. Then there are those banks that deal with the monetary policies and the change in the value of a specific currency since trade cannot happen without the presence of currency. Such institutions are called the national central banks (Mullineux & Murinde, 2003).   A trustworthy banking system is important since it assures individuals that their finances are safe and that banks are trustworthy. If an individual is going to trust the bank with their money, then the system might as well be secure, trustworthy and reliable. The banking system has evolved with time. With the presence of technology, it has become more secure, safe, trustworthy, efficient and reliable (Mullineux & Murinde, 2003).   From the time there was the presence of goldsmiths to the current time where there is the modern federal banking system; there has been much change in the system. There was a time that the main piece of trade was metal; gold, silver and bronze (Apel, 2006).  Presently, the main item of trade is money. Banking in the United States is considered best since when it comes to the banking structure, it is consisted of a number of regulators. Compared to other countries like Japan, in the U.S, banking is regulated at two levels; the federal level and the state level (Apel, 2006).   In Japan, the regulation of the banking system is combined into a single financial agent. For the United States, the advantage is that the state maintains separate services ranging from security, insurance, commodity and all this is different from the banking services (Apel,

Consultant Recommendations World Cup Brazil 2014 Essay Example for Free

Consultant Recommendations World Cup Brazil 2014 Essay Introduction: Sport tourism is a significant part of the tourism industry, which has a remarkable impact on many aspects to the hosting region of the event. The Olympic games and the world cup have a long history since the Roman Empire, however; those mega events have established new developments in which they have improved the tourism industry depending on their geography. This paper will analyze the World Cup event that will be held in Brazil this year and will illustrate it’s Strength, weaknesses, Opportunities, and threats in order to conclude a beneficial recommendations that can make the country having a successful event. Overview: Brazil is the largest country in South America; the population is approximately 200,000,000 people with a tropical climate. The country is culturally rich and well known of their passion to Football as thy won the World Cup 5 times in their history. Strengths: Brazil’s economy is booming and the money that is been generated is being invested in infrastructure and projects for the future. Airports are being improved, roads are being built and public transportation expanded. New hotels are being constructed and more and more people are being employed and trained to handle the influx of tourists in the coming years. Moreover, beside the wealth in culture Brazil can offer to its tourist a magnificent natural beauty starting from the Amazon jungle, Amazon River, and many other tropical rainforests, which exposes a variety of animal species. Moreover, it also offers white sand beaches and bays that line the cost. As a result, tourists who will visit the region to watch the  World Cup will have the opportunity to explore the other aspects of the country that will enhance their experience and promote the destination even after the sport events. Weaknesses: According to FIFA president Sepp Blatter, the country was provided with 7 years preparation for the World Cup, which considered the longest period provided to a country to prepare for the event. Yet, it also considered the poorest preparation according to Sepp. (Rumsby, B. 2014). He views the preparation as less efficient than the South Africa preparation in 2010 that made their revenues from scratch. The infrastructure and the public transport system in the country are not in a high standard in most areas. Another major concern to the government of Brazil and the tourist around the world, who want to attend the events, is the high crime rate in the category of robbery, rape, fraud, and residential thefts. â€Å"There is significant and sustained organized criminal activity throughout Brazil, especially in major cities†(Brazil Crime and Safety Report, 2013). Poverty also is a major derive for crime and the increase of drug addicts in Brazil. The weaknesses could be summarized into the slow preparation (building stadiums), infrastructure, crime rate, and poverty. Opportunities: Besides the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Brazil will also host the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. These sport events will bring countless tourism opportunities to Brazil. According to Whether it be a construction project for the Olympic facilities, or a business that benefits indirectly, such as a hotel or a property located nearby, these major sport events will offer opportunities for almost every type of entrepreneur and investor to make a healthy return (Brazil. Land of the Future, Para 2). Brazil will spend money to developing infrastructure, health centers, transportation facilities and other aspects of hospitality. An increasing number of tourists will be attracted by the World Cup and come to Brazil to travel. Therefore, the World Cup in Brazil is creating a huge number of jobs in the tourism industry, because it requires a large number of volunteers and workers to help the World cup succeed. More tourists also can develop  the economic of Brazil and increase the income for workers. The World Cup can attract much investment to Brazil that can help the business opportunities. â€Å"It is estimated that the world cup in 2014 will generate more than R$ 140bi to the Brazilian economy, between direct and indirect investments. (Global Intelligence Alliance, Para 4). That means these investments from foreign investors can help the economic growth of Brazil. Threats: In Brazil people demonstrated their anger by having a mass protest in different cities complaining about the high cost of living, low quality of education, and the high-cost of transportation (CNN, 2013, para.8). Riots in Brazil raises fear of transporting the event to the United Stated for security manner. There are many Brazilian supporters to the event to be established in their country. On the other hand, some opposition arises and took the world media coverage as an advantage to raise their concerns about the million of dollars being spent on the cup instead of investing it on health, education, transportation, and housing. According to BBC news there was 2,500 people in Sao Paulo who went to the streets and complained about the cost of staging the World Cup in Brazil (BBC NEWS, 2014). Recommendation: In conclusion, tourism industry during sports events is mainly shaped by economic, infrastructure, mega-structure, and political components. They could have either positive and/or negative outcomes contingent on the location. Tourism illiteracy should be eradicated by raising awareness of the benefits of the revenue of tourism. It may take time and effort to educate the people about the tourism impact on their daily life, but the success of delivering the message is worthy due to its future benefits. Brazil is not the first country who had riots before a sport event, it happened before in London before the Olympics games, and the managed to have a successful event(Duarte, F. 2013). We highly recommend the authority and people in Brazil to move forward with their event hosting plan and not stop in the halfway of making an event that will print a positive impact about Brazil to the rest of the world. References Montague, J. (Jul19, 2013). CNN. World Cup only benefits outsiders, say Brazil protesters, Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/18/world/americas/brazil-protests-montague/index.html Rumsby, B. (Jan 06, 2014). World Cup 2014: No country has ever been so far behind in preparations as Brazil, says Sepp Blatter. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/10553002/World-Cup-2014-No-country-has-ever-been-so-far-behind-in-preparations-as-Brazil-says-Sepp-Blatter.html Ford, P. D. (2014). OSAC. Brazil 2013 Crime and Safety Report: Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from: https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=13966 Whibley, J. (August 13, 2013). Brazil Expects World Cup to Bring R$25b. Retrieved from: http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-business/brazil-expects-world-cup-to-bring-r25-billion/# Duarte, F. (Jul 04, 2013). Futebol Brasil. Deal with it: Brazil will host the World Cup. Retrieved from: http://espnfc.com/blog/_/name/futebolbrasil/id/317?c c=5901 Brazil. Land of the Future, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.brazil-future.com/home/2014-brazil-fifa-world-cup-and-the-2016-rio- olympic-games/ Global Intelligence Alliance. 2014 World Cup Opportunities Beckon Foreign Investors to Brazil, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.globalintelligence.com/ insights/all/2014-world-cup-opportunities-beck on-foreign-investors-to-brazil

Using the Strengths-Based Model for Social Work Practice Essay

Utilizing strengths based perspective with clients enables social workers to focus on the client and family strengths and abilities instead of focusing on the client and family’s problems, bad behaviors and pathologies. The strengths based perspective applies six principles that guide the social worker professional in assisting client’s with the strengths based model; we all have areas of strength, but sometimes it takes an unbiased third party to notice and help others clearly see what they are capable of achieving, even in the midst of their crisis. Every Individual, Group, Family and Community Has Strengths Weick (1992) states â€Å"every person has an inherent power that may be characterized as life force, transformational capacity, life energy, spirituality, regenerative potential, and healing power, which is a potent form of knowledge that can guide personal and social transformation† (p. 24). No matter the crisis or oppression, it needs to be brought to client’s realization that they are strong, resilient and can overcome. They may not be aware of this inner power due to the constant stress and overwhelming sense of impending doom in their lives, but with the help of the strengths perspective, we can assist clients in realizing that they have strengths as well as weaknesses. Clients want to know that they can rely on social workers to provide adequate resources and respect their current situation, no matter how difficult it may be. Clients want to know that we can empathize with their situation and provide support, care and concern for the issues they are going through ; they need to know that we will help them achieve their goals and not give up on them as many may have before in their lives. Saleeby (2013) states â€Å"your cli... ...rk-practice in an urban context: The potential of a capacity-enhancement perspective. New York: Oxford University Press Epstein, M.H. & Sharma, J.M. (1998). Behavioral and emotional rating scale: A strength-based approach to assessment. Texas: Pro-Ed. Kaplan , L. & Girard, J. (1994). Strengthening high risk families. New York: Lexington Books. Kisthardt, W. (1992). A strengths model of case management: The principles and functions of a helping partnership with persons with persistent mental illness. New York: Longman. Saleeby, D. (2013). The strengths perspective in social work practice. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Weick, A. (1992). Building a strengths perspective for social work. New York: Longman. Weick, A., Rapp, C., Sullivan, W.P. and Kisthardt, W. (1989). A strengths perspective for social work practice. Social Work, 34(4), 350-354.

Summary of Boyles Friendly Skies :: essays research papers

T. Coraghessan Boyle’s â€Å"Friendly Skies† is the story of Ellen, a woman who is trying to get to get to New York to be with her mom, but has trouble doing so due to several delays. First, the plane has mechanical problems, this is followed by a pilot claim that they have lost their slots for takeoff. When the plane finally leaves LAX, the engine catches on fire, so emergency landing is required. When back at the airport she is only able to get a non-direct flight that stops in Chicago. While on this flight, Ellen reminisces about heartbreaking details of her past, so she takes prescription medicine with alcohol to try and diminish her pain. Eventually, a nervous man who had annoyed Ellen for hours, threatens to kill everyone because he is not happy with the airline service. With her built up frustration, Ellen picks up a fork and stabs the man repeatedly, which helps in restraining him long enough to land in Denver. The central idea of the story is that even a calm a nd constrained person can have an irrational outburst of emotion if his/her feelings are repressed. The protagonist of the story is Ellen. Ellen is thirty-two years old, with limp blond hair and a plain face and whose eyes oozed sympathy. She is also a fifth-grade teacher who has recently left her job after having experienced the embarrassment of a public fight with her partner Roy in front of her colleagues. From the beginning of the story she is frightened, anxious, with head down and shoulders slumped, indicating she has a lot of pain and suffering kept inside her. Doctors have described her as anemic and depressive and she knows that that life she has led so far has contributed for that diagnosis. The protagonist is a dynamic character because although she starts as a person who keeps all her emotions to herself, in the end, she explodes and releases her frustration on Mr. Lercher, the passenger who tried to kill everyone on the airplane. Her change in attitude can be observed when the narrator describes, â€Å" All she knew was that she’d had enough, enough of Roy and this big, drunken testosterone-addled bully and the miserable, crimpled life that awaited her at her mother’s, and she came up out of her seat as if she’d been launched†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The main conflict is Ellen’s inner conflict and the effect that her repressed feelings have on her life and her attitudes.

Characters of Noli Me Tangere

Main Characters Crisostomo Ibarra Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin, commonly referred to the novel as  Ibarra  or  Crisostomo, is the protagonist in the story. Son of a Filipino businessman,  DonRafael Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven years. Ibarra is also Maria Clara's fiance. Several sources claim that Ibarra is also Rizal's reflection: both studied in Europe and both persons believe in the same ideas. Upon his return, Ibarra requested the local government of San Diego to construct a public school to promote education in the town. Maria Clara de los Santos y Alba, commonly referred to as  Maria Clara, is Ibarra's fiancee.She was raised by Capitan Tiago, San Diego's  cabeza de barangayand is the most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Diego. In the later parts of the novel, Maria Clara's identity was revealed as an illegitimate daughter of Father Damaso, former parish  curate  of the town, and Dona Pia Alba, wife of Capitan Tiago. In the end she enter ed local convent for nuns Beaterio de Santa Clara. In the epilogue dealing with the fate of the characters, Rizal stated that it is unknown if Maria Clara is still living within the walls of the convent or she is already dead.The character of Maria Clara was patterned after  Leonor Rivera, Rizal's first cousin and childhood sweetheart. Capitan Tiago Don  Santiago de los Santos, known by his nickname  Tiago  and political title  Capitan  Tiago  is a Filipino businessman and the  cabeza de barangay  or head ofbarangay  of the town of San Diego. He is also the known father of  Maria Clara. In the novel, it is said that Capitan Tiago is the richest man in the region of  Binondo  and he possessed real properties in  Pampanga  and  Laguna de Bay. He is also said to be a good Catholic, friend of the Spanish government and was considered as a Spanish by colonialists.Capitan Tiago never attended school, so he became a domestic helper of a  Dominican  friar   who taught him informal education. He married Pia Alba from  Santa Cruz. Padre Damaso Damaso Verdolagas, or Padre Damaso is a  Franciscan  friar  and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is best known as a notorious character who speaks with harsh words and has been a cruel priest during his stay in the town. He is the real father of Maria Clara and an enemy of Crisostomo's father, Rafael Ibarra. Later, he and Maria Clara had bitter arguments whether she would marry Alfonso Linares or go to a convent.At the end of the novel, he is again re-assigned to a distant town and is found dead one day. In popular culture, when a priest was said to be like Padre Damaso, it means that he is a cruel but respectable individual. When one says a child is â€Å"anak ni Padre Damaso† (child of Padre Damaso), it means that the child's father's identity is unknown. Elias Elias  is Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elias made his first appearance as a pilot during a picnic o f Ibarra and Maria Clara and her friends. He wants to revolutionize the country and to be freed from Spanish oppression.The 50th chapter of the novel explores the past of Elias and history of his family. In the past, Ibarra's great-grandfather condemned Elias' grandfather of burning a warehouse which led into misfortune for Elias' family. His father was refused to be married by her mother because his father's past and family lineage was discovered by his mother's family. In the long run, Elias and his twin sister was raised by their maternal grandfather. When they were teenagers, their distant relatives called them  hijos de bastardo  or illegitimate children.One day, his sister disappeared which led him to search for her. His search led him into different places, and finally, he became a fugitive and subversive. Pilosopong Tacio Filosofo Tacio, known by his  Filipinized  name  Pilosopo Tasyo  is another major character in the story. Seeking for reforms from the governme nt, he expresses his ideals in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet similar from  hieroglyphs  and  Coptic figures  hoping â€Å"that the future generations may be able to decipher it† and realized the abuse and oppression done by the conquerors.His full name is only known as  Don Anastasio. The educated inhabitants of San Diego labeled him as  Filosofo Tacio  (Tacio the Sage) while others called him asTacio el Loco  (Insane Tacio) due to his exceptional talent for  reasoning. Dona Victorina Dona Victorina de los Reyes de Espadana, commonly known as Dona Victorina, is an ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on heavy  make-up. The novel narrates Dona Victorina's younger days: she had lots of admirers, but she did not choose any of them because nobody was a Spaniard.Later on, she met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadana, an official of the customs bureau who is about ten years her junior. However, t heir marriage is childless. Her husband assumes the title of medical doctor even though he never attended medical school; using fake documents and certificates, Tiburcio practices illegal medicine. Tiburcio's usage of the title  Dr. consequently makes Victorina assume the title  Dra. (doctora, female doctor). Apparently, she uses the whole name  Dona Victorina de los Reyes  de  de Espadana, with double  de  to emphasize her marriage surname.She seems to feel that this awkward titling makes her more â€Å"sophisticated. † Sisa, Crispin, and Basilio Sisa, Crispin, and Basilio represent a Filipino family persecuted by the Spanish authorities: * Narcisa  or  Sisa  is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispin. Described as beautiful and young, although she loves her children very much, she can not protect them from the beatings of her husband,  Pedro. * Crispin  is Sisa's 7-year-old son. An altar boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the chur ch. After failing to force Crispin to return the money he allegedly stole, Father Salvi and the head sacristan killed him.It is not directly stated that he was killed, but the dream of Basilio suggests that Crispin died during his encounter with Padre Salvi and his minion. * Basilio  is Sisa's 10-year-old son. An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus, he faced the dread of losing his younger brother and the descent of his mother into insanity. At the end of the novel, Elias wished Basilio to bury him by burning in exchange of chest of gold located on his death ground. He will later play a major role in  El Filibusterismo. Due to their tragic but endearing story, these characters are often parodied in modern Filipino popular culture. Note: The Franciscan Order was shown by Rizal as hypocrites not because they were such during his time but because they are the most loved, and had significant numbers. Strategically, if one must attack the Spanish friars, the best is to attack the most popular during that time. Other characters There are a number of secondary and minor characters in  Noli Me Tangere. Items indicated inside the parenthesis are the standard  Filipinization  of the Spanish names in the novel. * Padre Hernando de la Sibyla  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a Dominican friar. He is described as short and has fair skin.He is instructed by an old priest in his order to watch Crisostomo Ibarra. * Padre Bernardo Salvi  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the Franciscan curate of San Diego, secretly harboring lust for Maria Clara. He is described to be very thin and sickly. It is also hinted that his last name, â€Å"Salvi† is the shorter form of â€Å"Salvi† meaning Salvation, or â€Å"Salvi† is short for â€Å"Salvaje† meaning bad hinting to the fact that he is willing to kill an innocent child, Crispin, just to get his money back, though there was not enough evidence that it was Crispin who has stolen his 2 onzas. * El Alferez  or  Alperes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ chief of the  Guardia Civil.Mortal enemy of the priests for power in San Diego and husband of Dona Consolacion. * Dona Consolacion  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ wife of the  Alferez, nicknamed as  la musa de los guardias civiles  (The muse of the  Civil Guards) or  la Alfereza, was a former laundrywoman who passes herself as a  Peninsular; best remembered for her abusive treatment of Sisa. * Don Tiburcio de Espadana  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Spanish Quack Doctor who is limp and submissive to his wife, Dona Victorina. * Teniente Guevara  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a close friend of Don Rafael Ibarra. He reveals to Crisostomo how Don Rafael Ibarra's death came about. Alfonso Linares  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A distant nephew of Tiburcio de Espanada, the would-be fiance of Maria Clara. Although he presented himself as a practitioner of law, it was later revealed that he, just like Don Tiburcio, is a fraud. He later died due to given medications of Don Tiburcio. * Tia Isabel  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Capitan Tiago's cousin, who raised M aria Clara. * Governor General  (Gobernador Heneral) – Unnamed person in the novel, he is the most powerful official in the Philippines. He has great disdain for the friars and corrupt officials, and sympathizes with Ibarra. * Don Filipo Lino  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ vice mayor of the town of San Diego, leader of the liberals. Padre Manuel Martin  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ he is the linguist curate of a nearby town who delivers the sermon during San Diego's fiesta. * Don Rafael Ibarra  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ father of Crisostomo Ibarra. Though he is the richest man in San Diego, he is also the most virtuous and generous. * Dona Pia Alba  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ wife of Capitan Tiago and mother of Maria Clara, she died giving birth to her daughter. In reality, she was raped by Damaso so she could bear a child. Non-recurring characters These characters were mentioned in the novel, appeared once, mentioned many times or have no major contribution to the storyline. Don Pedro Eibarramendia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the great-grandfather of Cris ostomo Ibarra who came from the  Basque  area of Spain. He started the misfortunes of Elias' family. His descendants abbreviated their surname to  Ibarra. He died of unknown reasons, but was seen as a decaying corpse on a Balite Tree. * Don Saturnino Ibarra  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the son of Don Pedro, father of Don Rafael and grandfather of Crisostomo Ibarra. He was the one who developed the town of San Diego. He was described as a cruel man but was very clever. * Salome  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Elias' sweetheart.She lives in a little house by the lake, and though Elias would like to marry her, he tells her that it would do her or their children no good to be related to a fugitive like himself. In the original publication of  Noli, the chapter that explores the identity of Elias and Salome was omitted, classifying her as a total non-existing character. This chapter, entitled  Elias y Salome  was probably the 25th chapter of the novel. However, recent editions and translations of  Noli  prov ides the inclusion of this chapter, either on the appendix or renamed as  Chapter X  (Ex). * Sinang  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Maria Clara's friend.Because Crisostomo Ibarra offered half of the school he was building to Sinang, he gained Capitan Basilio's support. * Iday, Neneng  and  Victoria  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Maria Clara's other friends. * Capitan Basilio  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Sinang's father, leader of the conservatives. * Pedro  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the abusive husband of Sisa who loves cockfighting. * Tandang Pablo  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The leader of the  tulisanes  (bandits), whose family was destroyed because of the Spaniards. * El hombre amarillo  (apparently means â€Å"yellowish person,† named as  Taong Madilaw) – One of Crisostomo Ibarra's would-be assassins. He is not named in the novel, and only described as such.In the novel, he carved the cornerstone for Ibarra's school. Instead of killing Ibarra, he was killed by his cornerstone. * Lucas  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the brother of the  taong madilaw. H e planned a revolution against the government with Ibarra as the leader after he was turned down by Ibarra. He was said to have a scar on his left cheek. He would later be killed by the Sakristan Mayor. * Bruno and Tarsilo  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a pair of brothers whose father was killed by the Spaniards. * Nor Juan  (Nol Juan) – appointed as foreman of the school to be built by Ibarra * Capitana Tika (Rustica)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Sinang's mother and wife f Capitan Basilio. * Albino  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a former seminarian who joined the picnic with Ibarra and Maria Clara. Was later captured during the revolution. * Capitana Maria Elena  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a nationalist woman who defends Ibarra of the memory of his father. * Capitan Tinong  and  Capitan Valentin  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ other known people from the town of San Diego. * Sacristan Mayor  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The one who governs the altar boys and killed Crispin for his accusation. * Hermano Pedro, Hermana Rufa, Hermana Sipa, Hermana Juana  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Some of the p ersons included in the Chapter 18. These persons were talking about indulgencia plenaria.